How much energy does glassmaking use?
Among these industries, glassmaking presents specific energy consumption (SEC) of 4–17 GJ/t glass (Zier et al., ) with a global production of close to 130 million tons in (Furszyfer Del Rio et al., ), which represents one of the highest production volumes per capita worldwide.
How much energy does molten glass use?
For glass fiber production, the molten glass must feature temperature ranges of between 900 and °C . Given the different forming processes among the glass products, specific energy consumption can vary strongly, but usually 100% electrical power is utilized.
How much energy does a container glass furnace use?
Melting process for container glass represents 75–85 % of total energy consumption and around 75 % of CO 2 emissions (Papadogeorgos and Schure, ). The average energy consumption of container glass furnaces was estimated in MJ/tglass (normalized to 50 % cullet and to the primary energy equivalent to oxygen production for oxy-fuel furnaces).
What are the energy requirements for glass production?
The theoretical energy requirements for glass production are endothermic heat for glass reaction, sensible heat for glass heating, and sensible heat for intermittent gases (gases from the glass reaction) (Sardeshpande et al. ).
How does the glass industry meet its energy needs?
The Chinese glass industry meets its energy needs with fuel oil (13.1%), natural gas (15.5%), coal (44.3%), electricity, and other sources (27.1%). On the other hand, the USA and Europe use natural gas as an energy source in the glass industries with a share of 80% and 90%, respectively (Zier et al. ).
What energy sources are used in glass production?
Historically, wood, coal, natural gas, and electricity have been used as energy sources in glass production (Griffin et al. ). Since the outbreak of the oil crisis in the last century, the need to reduce energy consumption per unit product has become one of the key factors in industrial furnace designs (Weber et al. ).
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